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Lifting Tensions in the Taiwan Strait by Answering China's Legal Claims


Where are the tensions?

PRC claimed Taiwan with Cairo Declaration, Potsdam Proclamation and UN Resolution 2758 and would "liberate" Taiwan.

On August 24, 2022, PRC's Vice Foreign Minister Xie Feng addressed the Supreme People's Court :,

Pelosi's sneaky visit to Taiwan is a serious violation of the principle of international law of respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity, a serious violation of non-interference in internal affairs, which is a basic norm governing international relations, a serious violation of the provisions of the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Declaration and the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758, and a serious damage of the international order.

https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjbxw/202208/t20220826_10753952.html

On February 28, 2022 , PRC's Vice Foreign Minister Wang Yi video addressed at the meeting in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Shanghai Communiqué that

"In 1943, leaders of China, the United Kingdom and the United States issued the Cairo Declaration, stating clearly that all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Taiwan and the Penghu Islands, shall be restored to China. In 1945, the Potsdam Declaration, which was aimed at ending World War II, reiterated that the terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out. All this shows unequivocally that there is no controversy at all in the international community regarding China's sovereignty over Taiwan" http://eu.china-mission.gov.cn/eng/mhs/202202/t20220228_10646243.htm


Roosevelt, Churchill, Chiang Kai-shek and Chou En-lai already lifted tensions, going back to the history to find the answers:

(1) Roosevelt believed China not a rightful owner of Taiwan

On and Before the Cairo Conference, Chiang Kai-shek made a proposal to Roosevelt that Formosa, Port Arthur and Dairen (both in Manchuria) should be used jointly by the US and China's respective navies and air forces. China would have full rights of possession and the US would enjoy usage rights. Which meant Formosa (Taiwan) and Manchuria would be partitioned.

The proposal was never adopted. The details of Chiang's proposal, and its rejection, are recorded in Chiang's diary in the entries for June 25, 1943 and June 13, 1945. ( http://www.taiwannation.com.tw/topic011.htm "China Invited US to Partition Taiwan , June 24, 1943")

Although the proposal of partition evidenced China not a rightful owner of Taiwan and Manchuria, Chiang Kai-shek insisted that all the territories Japan had stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, should be restored to the Republic of China.

For this, Roosevelt's response was:

"Restoration of stolen property to its rightful owners, and the recognition of the rights of millions of people in the Far East to build up their own forms of self-government without molestation." Source: Roosevelt library
http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/firesi90.html Item 27. On Teheran and Cairo Conferences Friday, December 24, 1943


(2) Churchill rejected "the Cairo Declaration handed Taiwan over to China"

An inquiry on the "Formosa Situation" in Britain's House of Commons on Feb. 1, 1955 which is recorded in volume 536 of Hansard, the official record of UK Parliament, and can also be found in a search of the UK Parliament Web site. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/feb/01/formosa-situation item 48.

The then Prime Minister of UK Churchill was inquired by the member of parliament Reginald Sorensen: "To what extent his [Churchill's] joint declaration with the late [US] President Roosevelt and the late Marshal Stalin that Formosa should be restored to the Chinese Government, remains the policy of Her Majesty's Government."

Churchill answered: "There seems to me to be a misprint in the hon. Member's Question. To correct it the words ¡¥Marshal Stalin' should be left out and the words ¡¥Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek' inserted. This was, in fact, the Cairo Declaration of Dec. 1, 1943. It contained merely a statement of common purpose. Since it was made a lot of things have happened."

"The problem of Formosa has become an international problem in which a number of other nations are closely concerned. The question of future sovereignty over Formosa was left undetermined by the Japanese Peace Treaty," Churchill added.

[NOTE]

Under the Japanese Peace Treaty, Taiwan was renounced by Japan (Article 2b) according to the UN charter (Preamble), Article 77 item 1b of which stipulates the trusteeship system shall apply to territories which may be detached from enemy states as a result of the Second World War.

Article 76 item b stipulates:

The basic objectives of the trusteeship system shall be to promote the progressive development towards self-government or independence as may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of each territory.

So sovereignty over Formosa was restored to Taiwan by the Japanese Peace Treaty, not undetermined.


(3) Before the issuance of the Potsdam Proclamation Chiang Kai-shek sunk into a deep state of melancholy because it demanded Japan renounce Taiwan, not turned over to China

Chiang Kai-sek was aware that the Cairo Declaration did not provide a legal mandate that Taiwan should be handed over to China, and therefore Article 8 of the Potsdam Declaration (Proclamation) also did not give Taiwan to China.

Article 8 of the Potsdam Declaration reads:

The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine.

This article means Taiwan shall be given up by Japan.

Consequently, prior to the issuance of the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945, Chiang received a telegram from Truman. Chiang was far from happy. Truman gave him a deadline of 24 hours to accept the telegram's contents. If the Potsdam Declaration had restored Taiwan to China, there would have been no need for the 24-hour ultimatum.

Chiang's diary entry for July 26, 1945, reads: "This morning at 8:45am I was paid a visit by [US] ambassador [Patrick] Hurley and [vice minister] K.C. Wu who presented a translation of a telegram (the full text of the Potsdam Declaration) sent by [US] President Truman. I was informed by Wu I had 24 hours to reply, or Britain and the US would independently announce the warning [declaration] to Japan.

"After carefully reading the translated text again, I told Hurley in no uncertain terms ... Britain and the US in future should provide more time for consultation over such important matters ... furthermore the first line of the telegram referred only to the US president and British prime minister, neglecting to mention the president of China, this was even more unsatisfactory...; the entire affair shows the degree to which the US Department of State despises China and the depths of their prejudice," he wrote.

In another diary entry later that day Chiang wrote: "After recording this morning's business I sunk into a deep state of melancholy and my mind wandered to the events of July last year, when day after day saw fresh humiliations at the hands of the Americans. When will things begin to improve?"

(4) After the issuance of the Potsdam Proclamation

On December 19, 1950, for Japanese Peace Treaty

Memorandum of Conversation, by the Consultant to the Secretary (Dulles) recorded:

Chinese Ambassador Dr. Koo stated that his government was in general accord with (the Potsdam Declaration).With respect to Formosa, it was his understanding that even though the future disposition of Formosa was left unsettled Japan would, by the treaty, renounce its own title thereto. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v06/d793

The words in parenthesis, the Potsdam Declaration, is from Chinese file shown below:



Source: https://art.archives.gov.tw/FilePublish.aspx?FileID=1354

On September 5, 1951 in the VERBATIM MINUTES of JAPANESE PEACE CONFERENCE (page 77), Dulles mentioned: ¡§The Potsdam Surrender Terms constitute the only definition of peace terms to which, and by which, Japan and the Allied Powers as a whole are bound.¡¨ Article 2 (b) stipules: Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores.

(5) Chou En-lai told Kissinger the UN Resolution 2758 if passed, the status of Taiwan was not yet decided!

Memorandum of conversation between Chou En-lai and Henry Kissinger on 1971.10.21, 4:42 - 7:17 p.m.:

PM Chou: It's very easy to deal with the U. S. draft resolution. We can just refuse to go. That's very simple. I can go back and go to bed. The question is that in the other resolution it calls for the restoration of all lawful rights of China in the United Nations, including its seat in the UN.

In that resolution it is not possible to put in a clause concerning the status of Taiwan, and if it is passed, the status of Taiwan is not yet decided.

Dr. Kissinger: In the Albanian Resolution?

PM Chou: There is such a danger. Of course, countries who support the Albanian Resolution haven't thought of this side of the question. But under this condition another shadow has appeared in the UN, and that might meet us on this.

https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e13/72455.htm

Four days later the Albanian draft resolution was passed and became the UN resolution 2758 as follow:



https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/327/74/IMG/NR032774.pdf?OpenElement


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